Prostitution (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Revolution of 1905 (Russian Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Starting in the mid-19th century, the Russian authorities promoted rapid economic modernisation while trying to maintain the traditional social order and political absolutism. State-led industrialisation, however, created new social groups, such as urban workers; enlarged the intelligentsia; and facilitated contact between villages and urban centres. These changes also increased the burden of t...

Neo-Ottomanism; Turkish government’s new strategy to change the political geography of Middle East

After demonstrating Ottoman Empire and attempt of Turkish emperors in order to gain caliphate and government of all Muslims, World’s political geography witnessed the demonstration of great Ottoman Empire for six months. The formation of Ottoman Empire, on one hand, was converted to the main axis of the political geography of the region, and started competing with other political power district...

Labour, Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Great Britain and Ireland) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

Prisoners of War | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

The First World War marked the shift from a 19th century, relatively ad hoc management of prisoners of war, to the 20th century’s sophisticated prisoner of war camp systems, with their bureaucratic management, rationalization of the labour use of prisoners, and complex modern logistical and security apparatuses. It also led to transnational, global systems of captivity. This article will assess...

Prisoners of War (India) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)

During the First World War South Asian combatants and non-combatants were taken prisoner in France, Belgium, Mesopotamia, East Africa and other theatres of war. The conditions under which POWs were captured differed enormously in terms of housing, food, disciplinary rules, medical treatment, social and cultural facilities. Usually, the men were segregated not only according to their military ra...